Saturday, February 26, 2011

Primary Research Proposal

As we continue to work on gathering and expanding an understanding on our research topics, we will be conducting primary research. There are a number of different possibilities for performing this research, two of which I am choosing to carry out throughout the next few weeks. My primary method of collecting data will be through conducting surveys. I hope to further supplement my data collection through the use of two fairly simple memory activities.
My reasons for choosing these methods over that of an interview is that (1) the most common and likely useful means for collecting data related to memory and forgetting evolve from experimental studies which are more closely related to surveys and ‘activities’ rather than interviews, and (2) I haven’t the slightest idea who to interview. Though I’m not quite sure how I will develop any side for an argumentative paper (unit 3), I feel I will get some very interesting and useful data from my proposed primary research methods.
The current plan is two administer two surveys to the students in my English 102 class. The first of which will ask basic memory questions related to ordinary forgetting. With the data collected, I hope to be able to produce visual representations of the kinds of things we forget on a daily basis and how often we experience ordinary forgetting of various tasks. I then plan to administer a second survey roughly a week after the first. This survey will also ask similar types of questions as experienced on survey number one, however it will also ask questions relating back to the first survey. Therefore, I am able to test student’s abilities to remember while continuing to gather basic memory and forgetting relating data.
Of course, the student’s will not be forewarned that the second survey will have information pertaining to the first. Hopefully, this will serve as a true test of remembering/forgetting information seemingly irrelevant to their everyday lives and provide an interesting data collection to work with.
One of the questions on the second survey asks the student’s how similar they think their survey results would be if they were given the first survey a second time. Therefore, I am hoping to choose a select few (maybe ¼ of the class or so) to repeat the first survey while the rest of the class takes the second survey. What I am hoping to achieve in doing this is gathering evidence to compare how students feel they would do in repeating the survey to how they actually do when repeating the survey. I think this could provide yet another interesting bit of information to work with.  
As far as supplementing this data with that of memory activities, I have two planned (one with each survey). These two activities will test the attention of the participants: one pertaining to spatial awareness, the other to attention to detail and change in the surrounding environment. Interestingly enough, males are said to typically score better at one, while females are said to typically score better at the other. The reasons behind these advantages are believed to lie in hormonal levels, specifically testosterone and oestrogen. However, I scored better on the one that males are said to typically score higher on. I think it will be interesting to see how the results of the class compare to that which is said to typically happen.
Overall, I feel that through the administration of these two surveys and two memory activities I will gather plenty of interesting data to work with and analyze. Much more than I feel I could ever obtain through an interview.

Thursday, February 24, 2011

RR - Ballenger: Interviews

Why include primary research in your paper?
Although ordinary (secondary) research may seem to be going well, when it comes time to use it it may begin to feel dull. However, incorporating primary research from that of an interview (or other areas of interest) can add life to your piece.  "Ultimately, what makes almost any topic compelling is discovering why it matters to people."

Interviews
Finding Experts:
Don't hesitate. The majority of people love the attention of an interview.
How do you find them?
- Check the phone book
- Ask other people you know
- Check the faculty directory
- Check the Internet
Find Nonexperts Affected by Your Topic
Making Contact:
Consider the type of interview you wish to have before contacting your source.
  • Observing the gestures made throughout the interview can be beneficial and revealing
  • Interview people who can provide you with what you want to know
  • Know the purpose of your interview
  • Use both specific and open-ended questions
  • Realize interviews are CONVERSATIONS not surveys
  • Take notes throughout the interview - by hand, recorder, video, etc.
E-Mail Interviews
These are spontaneous in nature.
Use the Internet to hunt down experts on your topic.
Proceed cautiously and curiously.

Wednesday, February 16, 2011

Project Update #2

Today we finished our peer review discussions. I feel that my feedback was somewhat helpful as it is always useful to obtain multiple "outsider" opinions on your work. However, over the past few days, I have been working on revising my own work. Therefore, the feedback I received today was on an older draft than the one I have most recently completed. Because of this, I think it will be a little more difficult to incorporate my peers' responses though they, of course, still provide good ideas for consideration as I continue to work and complete my paper. 

Though we discussed in class our feedback, I have yet to look at the actual copies of my paper that were returned to me. I think this, along with a little more of my own revision will fulfill the completion of my paper (considering I have already spent a couple days working on improving my original draft). On top of wrapping up my paper, I must also create my works cited and write my revision statement and any other required unit one inclusions. However, overall I fell I have plenty of time before next Wednesday to successfully complete unit one.

Monday, February 14, 2011

Project Update

Our rough drafts were due today. I feel that mine is in fairly good shape, as it is a rough draft and only that. Though I have only incorporated six sources as of now, my paper is half way onto the eighth page. I'm not sure if I should cut it down or just let it grow as I incorporate my last two sources. I am interested in hearing what my peers have to say about the length. I think it might be a bit too wordy right now but it's hard to simplify such complex ideas. My other main concern revolves around subtopics, I feel I may have too many that it is making my purpose unclear. Otherwise all I have left is to make my works cited page and make sure all my citations are correct. Though for the most part I feel comfortable with where I stand on the project and the remaining time until our deadline. 

Wednesday, February 9, 2011

Sources - Second Check

1)
Title: The Processing of Memories: Forgetting and Retention
Source Type: Book
Citation:

Spear, Norman. The Processing of Memories: Forgetting and Retention. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1978. 159-86, 218-50. Print.


2)
Title: Remembering and Forgetting
Source Type: Book
Citation:

Bolles, Edmund. Remembering and Forgetting. USA: Walker Publishing Company, Inc., 1988. 179-206, 231-37. Print.


3)

Title: Parameters of Remembering and Forgetting in the Transition from Infancy to Early Childhood
Source Type: Book
Citation:
Bauer, Patricia, Jennifer Wenner, Patricia Dropik, and Sandi Wewerka. Parameters of Remembering and Forgetting in the Transition from Infancy to Early Childhood. 65 vols. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, Inc., 2000. 1-24, 205-12. Print.


4)
Title: Memory Distortions and Their Prevention
Source Type: Book
Citation:
Intons-Peterson, Margaret, and Deborah Best. Memory Distortions and Their Prevention. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1998. 1-24. Print.


5)
Title: The Development of Forgetting and Reminiscence
Source Type: Book
Citation:
Brainerd, C., V. Reyna, M. Howe, and J. Kingma. The Development of Forgetting and Reminiscence. 55 vols. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984. 1-4, 94-98. Print.


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6)

Title:  Ebbinghaus's Contributions to Psychology after 1885

Author(s):  Alfred H. Fuchs

Source:  The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 110, No. 4  (Winter, 1997), pp. 621-633

Publisher(s): University of Illinois Press

Abstract: Hermann Ebbinghaus is best remembered for his research on memory, conducted and published early in his career. Ebbinghaus subsequently contributed to psychology as teacher, journal founder and editor, champion of experimental research, author of texts, and originator of a method of assessing intelligence. The year 1985 saw the publication of tributes to Ebbinghaus's memory research; the present article summarizes his later contributions to psychology.



Source Update - Description

Source: Directed Forgetting and Aging: The Role of Retrieval Processes, Processing Speed, and Proactive Interference

IN THIS PSYCHOLOGY Press scholarly article, psychologists relay the results of their studies on the differences of the DF (directed forgetting) effect between elderly persons and younger persons. DF is defined as the deliberate attempt to limit the future expression of specific memory contexts. Two main processes are involved in the results of the DF effect: selective rehearsal and attentional inhibition. 

ONE DAILY PROCESS of humans is to 'update' our memory. This means that we are constantly forgetting things we encounter throughout the day so we don't overload our working memory. Working memory is the memory system used for holding and manipulating information while various mental tasks are carried out. 

ONE OF THE defining aspects constructing memory is retrieval. It is believed that the DF effect is due to differences in retrieval processes, more specifically the differences between automatic (familiar-based) retrieval and intentional (recollective-based) retrieval. "In comparison to young subjects, older subjects have a reduced DF effect when instructions are given after word presentation." 

-- This article goes on to further explain the DF effect and its differences between persons of different ages. Further yet, these Psychologists work to discover how factors such as short term memory capacity, processing speed, thought suppression abilities, and proactive interference play into the differences in experiences between the elderly and the youth.

  • I believe this article will be very fitting for my research paper as it adds an interesting approach to our ideas of forgetting. More often than not, we tend to think about 'forgetting' as being unintentional. However, this is not always the case. In fact, we intentionally forget things everyday so as to update, or refresh, our minds to keep up with our lives. Further still, I found it interesting that the article goes on to explain/question how (and why) aging affects these 'forgetting episodes.'



Sunday, February 6, 2011

RR - Chapter 4: Ballenger

This chapter of The Curious Researcher is all about beginning the actual process of writing. After reading through this material, I have picked out a few key things to remember.

  • Don't procrastinate. "Research writing is recursive. You often have to circle back to where you've already been, discovering holes in your research or looking at your subject from now angles."
  • Determine beforehand whether or not you feel it appropriate to include "I" in your paper. It is important to make your work personal, yet there are ways to do so without including "I."
  • Your introduction should serve as the purpose of a flashlight, not a floodlight. That is to say that you want to set a direction for your paper in the intro, rather than highlighting every aspect of what is to come.
  • The first few steps are the hardest (a common idea surfacing around runners). The same is true with writing. "One thing that will make it easier to get started is to write three leads to your paper, instead of agonizing over one that must be perfect." Try the following methods:
    • Anecdote
    • Scene
    • Profile
    • Background
    • Quotation
    • Dialogue
    • Question
    • Contrast
    • Announcement
  • "Don't assume that all research papers are supposed to sound a certain way and that you must mindlessly conform to that voice." Your writing voice should reflect who you are as an individual. 
  • "As you draft your research paper, look for ways to work the common ground between your topic and your readers."
  • A strong ending is important as readers tend to remember the beginning and ending more than the rest of the piece. 
  • Organization is key!!

RR - "The Art of Summarizing"

"As a general rule, a good summary requires balancing what the original author is saying with the writers own focus."

When summarizing, it is of great importance to do so without a bias. A good summary should not provide so much as a hint to the reader of your opinion on the summarized information. The best, and perhaps only, way to do this is to willingly push aside your own beliefs and focus only on those relayed to you in the material. By doing so, you will be more successful in gathering and using information correctly in your own summaries. 

While above I mentioned that writing a good summary requires pushing aside your own views, one must maintain a conscious understanding of their own views while incorporating their summary to fit with the purpose of their work. Your summary should be astute and focused while maintaining a sense of equality, matching what 'they say' with what 'you say.' It is important to avoid list summaries. 

Of course, as with most things, therein lies an exception to the general rule: satirical summarizing. In these cases, it is acceptable to ignore the balance and instead purposefully apply your own take on the summarized material, typically in order to take away its credibility. 

"To do justice to the authors you cite, we recommend that when summarizing - or even when introducing a quotation - you use vivid and precise signal verbs as often as possible."

RR - "Family Guy and Freud"

QUESTIONS
  • Why does Antonia Peacocke feel that we should be thinking about Freud while watching television?
  • What sparked the connection between Family Guy and Freud in Peacocke's mind?
  • Why would a television show purposefully try to offend people?
  • Peacocke says, "I must admit, I can see how parts of the show might seem offensive if taken at face value." - At what 'value' is the everyday television viewer supposed to be taking in material?
  • According to Peacocke, "those who pay more attention and think about the creators' intentions can see that Family Guy intelligently satirizes some aspects of American culture."
 
     While I find the article interesting, I feel the title to be misleading. Before reading the article I was expecting a deeper analysis of the connection between Family Guy and Freud and yet the only mention of Freud after the first paragraphs (of which only two sentences referenced Freud) came in the very last paragraph and was only one sentence. 

     Despite my frustration with the 'misleading' title, I found the article to be interesting. More importantly, as I am working on my own research paper, I found Peacocke's incorporation of sources noteworthy. I often have a hard time incorporating sources into my paper and this is a good article to reference (in my opinion) in regards to source incorporation. Peacocke uses a variety of sources to both support and disprove, only to refute, what she has to say about Family Guy. The plethora of examples made her opinion/ideas clear and fitting. I can see myself returning to this article in the later stages of my paper to refresh Peacocke's 'incorporation' skills. 

    Tuesday, February 1, 2011

    Sources - First Check

    1)
    Title: The nature and position of processing determines why forgetting occurs in working memory tasks
    Source Type: Article
    Citation:
    Christopher, Jarrold. "The nature and position of processing determines why forgetting occurs in working memory tasks." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17.6 (2010): 772-777. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 1 Feb. 2011.

    2)
    Title: Wiping out memories: New support for a mental context change account of directed forgetting
    Source Type: Article
    Citation:
    Mulji, Rehman, and Glen E. Bodner. "Wiping out memories: New support for a mental context change account of directed forgetting." Memory 18.7 (2010): 763-773. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 1 Feb. 2011.

    3)
    Title: Retrieval-induced forgetting of negative stimuli: The role of emotional intensity
    Source Type: Article
    Citation:
    Kuhbandner, Christof, Karl-Heinz Bäuml, and Fiona C. Stiedl. "Retrieval-induced forgetting of negative stimuli: The role of emotional intensity." Cognition & Emotion 23.4 (2009): 817-830. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 1 Feb. 2011.
    Brief Description: This German article focuses on forgetting. Psychologists had a previous understanding that the repeated retrieval of certain previously-studied information could actually cause one to forget the remaining related but non-retrieved material. They then completed further experiments to determine whether the emotions tied to the studied material made a difference in the amount forgotten, more specifically, they were interested in knowing if we are more likely to forget material tied to negative emotions. Further still, they were interested in discovering if the intensity of the emotion played into effect and continued to study their ideas.

    4)
    Title: Directed Forgetting and Aging: The Role of Retrieval Processes, Processing Speed, and Proactive Interference
    Source Type: Article
    Citation:
    Hogge, Michaël, Stephane Adam, and Fabienne Collette. "Directed Forgetting and Aging: The Role of Retrieval Processes, Processing Speed, and Proactive Interference." Aging, Neuropsychology & Cognition15.4 (2008): 471-491. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 1 Feb. 2011.

    5)
    Title: The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View
    Source Type: Book
    Citation:
    King, Laura. The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View. 1st. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. 283-319. Print.
    Brief Description: In reading the eighth chapter of this psychology book titled, "Memory," I learned a great deal about the different types of memory, the processes in which our brains store and retrieve memories, and about forgetting. Though much of what I would like to focus on in my paper has to do with the act of forgetting, knowledge and explanations of memory are needed. One does not exist without the other. Because this source is a textbook rather than an article, the information covered a wider variety of aspects without going into lengthy detail or elaboration on any single idea. However, this is still a very useful and important source as it provides background knowledge with which I can form a solid base to build from. 

    ** To access the articles from the links you must use either the "find it" button or "PDF full text" link on the left side of the page.

    RR - "The Bothersome Beauty of Pigeons"

    After reading this essay, had I not already chosen a topic for my research this semester, I think I would have chosen something that relates closely to a personal experience of mine. It is apparent that Ballenger has had numerous encounters with pigeons, likely inspiring his curiosity, and being an avid member of an English department, likely led to the coming of this article. I can imagine that when there is a personal investment behind the piece being written it is not only a smoother and perhaps easier process, but also a more fulfilling experience. Nevertheless, I have chosen a topic of great interest to me. Yet, I can't help wonder how this semester could be different with a topic in which I have a deeper personal connection or investment. 

    Despite the incorporation of personal stories and experiences, Ballenger never fulfilled my desire to know his true opinion of pigeons. There was a constant pull between liking them and hating them. Though this all-encompassing approach was interesting, I found myself feeling a little frustrated in how he only ever alluded to his opinion, which of course was both hating and loving the birds at different times and for different reasons. Regardless, overall I liked his approach in validating both sides while involving the audience in what ultimately felt more like a story than a research essay.